Reynolds-Number Dependence of Gas Dispersion Over a Wavy Wall     

Takenobu Michioka  Hiroshi Takimoto  Hiroki Ono  Ayumu Sato 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,162(3):401-426

Direct numerical simulations of an Ekman layer are performed to study flow evolution during the response of an initially neutral boundary layer to stable stratification. The Obukhov length, L, is varied among cases by imposing a range of stable buoyancy fluxes at the surface to mimic ground cooling. The imposition of constant surface buoyancy flux , i.e. constant-flux stability, leads to a buoyancy difference between the ground and background that tends to increase with time, unlike the constant-temperature stability case where a constant surface temperature is imposed. The initial collapse of turbulence in the surface layer owing to surface cooling that occurs over a time scale proportional to \(L/u_*\), where \(u_*\) is the friction velocity, is followed by turbulence recovery. The flow accelerates, and a “low-level jet” (LLJ) with inertial oscillations forms during the turbulence collapse. Turbulence statistics and budgets are examined to understand the recovery of turbulence. Vertical turbulence exchange, primarily by pressure transport, is found to initiate fluctuations in the surface layer and there is rebirth of turbulence through enhanced turbulence production as the LLJ shear increases. The turbulence recovery is not monotonic and exhibits temporal intermittency with several collapse/rebirth episodes. The boundary layer adjusts to an increase in the surface buoyancy flux by increased super-geostrophic velocity and surface stress such that the Obukhov length becomes similar among the cases and sufficiently large to allow fluctuations with sustained momentum and heat fluxes. The eventual state of fluctuations, achieved after about two inertial periods (\(ft \approx 4\pi \)), corresponds to global intermittency with turbulent patches in an otherwise quiescent background. Our simplified configuration is sufficient to identify turbulence collapse and rebirth, global and temporal intermittency, as well as formation of low-level jets, as in observations of the stratified atmospheric boundary layer.  相似文献   

First-principles simulation of high-pressure polymorphs in MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>     

Shigeaki Ono  John P. Brodholt  G. David Price 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2008,35(7):381-386

We have used density functional theory to investigate the stability of MgAl₂O₄ polymorphs under pressure. Our results can reasonably explain the transition sequence of MgAl₂O₄ polymorphs observed in previous experiments. The spinel phase (stable at ambient conditions) dissociates into periclase and corundum at 14 GPa. With increasing pressure, a phase change from the two oxides to a calcium-ferrite phase occurs, and finally transforms to a calcium-titanate phase at 68 GPa. The calcium-titanate phase is stable up to at least 150 GPa, and we did not observe a stability field for a hexagonal phase or periclase + Rh₂O₃(II)-type Al₂O₃. The bulk moduli of the phases calculated in this study are in good agreement with those measured in high-pressure experiments. Our results differ from those of a previous study using similar methods. We attribute this inconsistency to an incomplete optimization of a cell shape and ionic positions at high pressures in the previous calculations.  相似文献   

High-pressure phase transformations of FeS: Novel phases at conditions of planetary cores     

Shigeaki Ono  Artem R. Oganov  John P. Brodholt  Lidunka Vo adlo  Ian G. Wood  Andriy Lyakhov  Colin W. Glass  Alexander S. Ct  G. David Price 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,272(1-2):481-487

Iron sulfide (FeS) was investigated using first-principles calculations up to a pressure of 400 GPa. A number of new phase transitions were found. An antiferromagnetic MnP-type structure, FeS II, was confirmed to be stable at low pressures, whereas at high pressures (40–135 GPa) we find a new stable phase, with a non-magnetic MnP-type structure, FeS VI. The observed first-order change in the cell shape between the two phases can be explained by the difference in magnetic configurations. The calculated cell parameters, atomic coordinates, and bulk modulus of non-magnetic MnP-type phase are consistent with those determined from experiment. The upper pressure limit of the stability of the non-magnetic MnP-type phase was calculated to be 135 GPa. A hitherto unsuspected phase transition from the non-magnetic MnP-type to a phase with Pmmn symmetry, FeS VII, was identified using the evolutionary crystal structure prediction (USPEX) method. The structure of the Pmmn phase has no known analogues, but can be described as a distortion of the NaCl-type structure. The Pmmn phase with the distorted NaCl-type structure is stable from 135 GPa at least up to 400 GPa. According to previous experiments and the present study, the transition sequence of FeS at low temperatures is as follows: troilite ➔ antiferromagnetic MnP-type phase ➔ monoclinic phase ➔ non-magnetic MnP-type phase ➔ Pmmn phase. The calculated volume reduction from the monoclinic to the non-magnetic MnP-type phase is 1.0% at 40 GPa, which is in good agreement with experimental observations. The calculated volume reduction from the non-magnetic MnP-type to the Pmmn phase is 3.7% at 135 GPa.  相似文献   

Silica minerals in cumulate eucrites: Insights into their thermal histories     

Haruka Ono  Atsushi Takenouchi  Takashi Mikouchi  Akira Yamaguchi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(11):2744-2757

Some eucrites contain up to 10 vol% silica minerals; however, silica minerals have not been studied in detail so far. We performed a mineralogical study of silica minerals in three cumulate eucrites (Moore County, Moama, and Yamato [Y] 980433). Monoclinic tridymite was common in all three samples. Moama contained orthorhombic tridymite as lamellae within monoclinic tridymite grains. Y 980433 included quartz around an impact melt vein. The presence of orthorhombic tridymite in Moama indicates that Moama cooled more rapidly than the other two samples at low temperatures (<400 °C). This result is different from the slower cooling rates of Moama (?0.0004 °C yr^?1) than that of Moore County (>0.3 °C yr^?1, after the shock event) at high temperatures (>500 °C) estimated from compositional profiles of pyroxene exsolution lamellae. The difference of the cooling rates may reflect their geological settings. Y 980433 cooled slowly at low temperature, as did Moore County. Quartz in Y 980433 could be a local product transformed from monoclinic tridymite by a shock event. We suggest that silica minerals in meteorites record thermal histories at low temperatures and shock events.  相似文献   

Effect of electron donors on the fractionation of sulfur isotopes by a marine Desulfovibrio sp.     

Min Sub Sim  Shuhei Ono  Stefanie P. Templer 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(15):4244-77

Sulfur isotope effects produced by microbial dissimilatory sulfate reduction are used to reconstruct the coupled cycling of carbon and sulfur through geologic time, to constrain the evolution of sulfur-based metabolisms, and to track the oxygenation of Earth’s surface. In this study, we investigate how the coupling of carbon and sulfur metabolisms in batch and continuous cultures of a recently isolated marine sulfate reducing bacterium DMSS-1, a Desulfovibrio sp., influences the fractionation of sulfur isotopes.DMSS-1 grown in batch culture on seven different electron donors (ethanol, glycerol, fructose, glucose, lactate, malate and pyruvate) fractionates ³⁴S/³²S ratio from 6‰ to 44‰, demonstrating that the fractionations by an actively growing culture of a single incomplete oxidizing sulfate reducing microbe can span almost the entire range of previously reported values in defined cultures. The magnitude of isotope effect correlates well with cell specific sulfate reduction rates (from 0.7 to 26.1 fmol/cell/day). DMSS-1 grown on lactate in continuous culture produces a larger isotope effect (21-37‰) than the lactate-grown batch culture (6‰), indicating that the isotope effect also depends on the supply rate of the electron donor and microbial growth rate. The largest isotope effect in continuous culture is accompanied by measurable changes in cell length and cellular yield that suggest starvation. The use of multiple sulfur isotopes in the model of metabolic fluxes of sulfur shows that the loss of sulfate from the cell and the intracellular reoxidation of reduced sulfur species contribute to the increase in isotope effects in a correlated manner. Isotope fractionations produced during sulfate reduction in the pure culture of DMSS-1 expand the previously reported range of triple sulfur isotope effects (³²S, ³³S, and ³⁴S) by marine sulfate reducing bacteria, implying that microbial sulfur disproportionation may have a smaller ³³S isotopic fingerprint than previously thought.  相似文献   

Design and adoption of household tornado shelters for Bangladesh     

Yuichi Ono  Thomas W. Schmidlin 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(1):321-330

Death tolls from tornadoes in Bangladesh are the highest in the world due to lack of storm warnings, poor communication, weak housing, and lack of shelters from strong winds in tornadoes and nor’westers. Based on surveys of housing types and designs in the Tangail district, a household tornado shelter is proposed to be placed in the elevated storage platform that is common in houses. The shelter is 2 m tall, 1.2 m wide, and 2–4 m long (4.8–9.6 m³ in volume) with the floor of the shelter placed one meter below the floor of the house. Walls are 7–10 cm thick and made of concrete or an earthen wall stabilized with cement or strengthened with bamboo or bricks. A survey of 200 residents of the region found nearly universal acceptance for the shelter design, and residents were eager for installation of the household shelters. The shelter cost is 2,500–10,000 taka (US50 to50 to 200) depending on local material and labor costs but residents were willing to pay an average of only 1,071 taka (US$21) toward the cost of the shelter. Families with greater income and land holdings and families in villages with recent tornado experience were willing to spend more for a shelter. A pilot project to install household tornado shelters in selected villages and monitor their use, along with continued efforts to issue storm warnings, communicate the warnings, and improve education about storm hazards, will prevent injuries and save lives in Bangladesh and reduce the descent into poverty that results from losses in severe local storms.  相似文献   

Calcium carbonate saturation and ocean acidification in Tokyo Bay,Japan     

Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai  Natsuko Kawamura  Tsuneo Ono  Naohiro Kosugi  Atsushi Kubo  Masao Ishii  Jota Kanda 《Journal of Oceanography》2015,71(4):427-439

  相似文献   

Open boundary value problems in ocean dynamics by finite elements     

Toyoki Tanaka  Yoshio Ono  Toshikazu Ishise 《Advances in water resources》1982,5(1):21-28

This paper presents recent results of application of the finite element models to wave overtopping and wave run-up problems in ocean dynamics. Open boundaries are prescribed as natural boundary condition obtained from the continuity equation of the Galerkin finite element formulation. The numerical results are, in general, reasonably good agreements with the histrical field data.  相似文献   

Iron deficiency in micro-sized diatoms in the Oyashio region of the Western subarctic Pacific during spring     

Ai Hattori-Saito  Jun Nishioka  Tsuneo Ono  R. Michael L. McKay  Koji Suzuki 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(1):105-115

In order to detect iron (Fe) stress in micro-sized (20–200 μm) diatoms in the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific during spring, immunological ferredoxin/flavodoxin assays were applied to samples collected from the surface layer in May 2005. Concomitantly, the community composition of the micro-sized phytoplankton and hydrographic conditions, including dissolved Fe and macronutrient concentrations, were also examined. Chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations were <2 mg m⁻³ at all sampling stations, except at a station where the Chl a level was 9.0 mg m⁻³ and a micro-sized diatom bloom occurred. A high abundance of ferredoxin in micro-sized diatoms was detected only at a rather near-shore station where dissolved Fe and macronutrient concentrations were higher, indicating that the micro-sized diatoms did not suffer from iron deficiency. On the other hand, flavodoxin in micro-sized diatoms was often observed at the other stations, including the bloom station, where macronutrients were replete but dissolved Fe concentration was low (0.31 nM). A significant amount of chlorophyllide a, a degradation product of Chl a, was also observed at the bloom station, suggesting a decline of the diatom bloom. The micro-sized phytoplankton species at all the stations were mainly composed of the diatoms Thalassiosira, Chaetoceros, and Fragilariopsis spp. Our study indicates that micro-sized diatoms were stressed by Fe bioavailability during the spring season in the Oyashio region  相似文献   

Tornado shelter-seeking behavior and tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Thomas W. Schmidlin  Barbara O. Hammer  Yuichi Ono  Paul S. King 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(2):191-201

Residents of 401 mobile homes in Georgia, Mississippi, Illinois, and Oklahoma were surveyed after they heard a tornado warning. Most residents (69%) did not seek shelter during the warning. Half of those who sought shelter went to the frame house of a friend, neighbor, or relative, and 25% of those sought shelter in a basement or underground shelter. Some of the places where residents sought shelter were of dubious quality, such as their own mobile home, another mobile home, or in an out-building. Twenty-one percent of mobile home residents believed that they had a basement or underground shelter available as shelter during a tornado warning, and about half of those said they would drive to the shelter. Residents said they would drive if the shelter was more than 200 m away. Fifteen percent actually had a basement or underground shelter suitable as shelter within 200 m of their mobile home, but only 43% of the residents would use those shelters. The most common reason cited for not using the shelters was that they did not know the people who lived there. Likewise, a frame house or other sturdy building was within 200 m of 58% of the mobile homes, but only 35% of the residents stated they would use those houses for shelter. Thirty-one percent of mobile home residents had a ditch that was at least 0.5 m deep within 200 m of the mobile home. However, 44% of these ditches had utility lines overhead, 23% had water in them, and 20% had trees overhead. The limited tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States needs to be incorporated into safety instructions so that residents without nearby shelter are allowed to drive to safer shelter.  相似文献